Important Acts
The Regulating Act, 1773
First attempt by the British Parliament to regulate the affairs of the Company.
End of Dual Government.
Provided for centralization of Administration of Company‘s territories in India. Governor of Bengal became Governor-general for all British territories in India.
Governor General and council of 4 members appointed for Bengal.
Bombay and Madras Presidency subordinated to Bengal presidency.
Supreme court to be set up at Calcutta. The Pitts India Act, 1784
This Act gave the British government the supreme control over Company‘s affairs and its administration in India.
Established dual system of governance. Court of directors consisting of 24 members was appointed to look after commercial functions.
The Charter Act of 1793
Company given monopoly of trade for 20 more years.
Expenses andsalaries of the Board of Control to be charged on Indian Revenue.
Governor-General could override his Council.
The Charter Act of 1813
Company deprived of its trade monopoly in India except in tea and trade with China.
All Englishmen could trade with India subject to few restrictions.
Rules and procedures made for use of Indian revenue.
A sum of Rs 1 lakh earmarked annually for education.
The Charter Act of 1833
End of company‘s trade monopoly even in tea and with China.
Company was asked to close its business at the earliest.
Governor-General of Bengal to be GovernorGeneral of India. (1st Governor-General of India-Lord William Bentinck).
Govt. of Madras and Bombay deprived of legislative powers.
A fourth member, law member added to council of Governor-General. Government Service was thrown open to the people of India. All laws made by Governor General-in-council henceforth to be known as Acts and not regulations.
The Charter Act of 1853
Extended life of the Company for an unspecified period.
First time separate legislative machinery consisting of 12 member legislative council was created.
Law member was made a full member of the Executive Council of the Governor-General
Recruitment to Civil Services was based on open annual competitiveexamination. (excluding Indians)
The Govt of India Act, 1858
Rule of Company in India ended and that of the Crown began.
System of double Government ended. Court of Directors and Board of Control abolished.
Secretary of State (a member of the British Cabinet) for India was created. He was assisted by a 15-member council (Indian Council). He was to exercise the powers of the Crown.
End of Dual govt. Governor of Bengal to be theGovernor– General of British territories of India. Establishment of Supreme Court in Calcutta. Court of directors to be elected for 4 years Number of Directors fixed at 24, 1/4th retiring every year. In Bengal, collegiate govt was created with Governor General and 4 members of the council and were named in the act:-GG-> Warren Hastings and 4 members-> Philip Francis, Clavering, Monson, and Barwell.
Amending Act of 1781
Actions of public servants of the Company in their official capacity were exempted from the jurisdiction of Supreme Court. Jurisdiction of Supreme Court was defined. SC had to take into consideration and respect the religious and social customs and usages of the Indian while enforcing its decrees and processes. The rules and regulations made by GG-inCouncil were not to be registered with SC.
Pitts Act of 1784
Introduced Dual System of Govt by the company and by a Parliamentary board of directors. gave the British Government a measure of control over the company‘s affairs company became a subordinate department of the State. Reduced the number of members of Executive Council of the GG to three.
Act of 1786
Governor General given the power to override the Council and was made the Commander-in-chief also to prevail upon Cornawalis to accept the GG-ship of India
Charter Act of 1793
Company given monopoly of trade for 20 more years. laid the foundation of govt. by written laws, interpreted by courts.
Charter Act of 1813
Company deprived of its trade monopoly in India except in tea and trade with China. An amount of one lakh rupees was set aside for the promotion of Education in India. Charter Act of 1833: End of Company‘s monopoly even in tea and trade with China. Company was asked to close its business at the earliest. Governor General of Bengal to be Governor General of India (1st Governor General of India was Lord William Bentinck).
Charter Act of 1853
The Act renewed the powers of the Company and allowed it to retain the possession of Indian territoriesin trust of the British crown. Recruitment to Civil Services was based on open annual competition examination (excluding Indians).
Government of India Act, 1858
Rule of Company in India ended and that of the Crown began. A post of Secretary of State(a member of the British cabinet) for India created. He was to exercise the powers of the Crown. Secretary of State governed India through the Governor General. Governor General received the title of Viceroy. He represented Secretary of State and was assisted by an Executive Council, which consisted of high officials of the Govt. The system of double govt introduced by Pitt‘s Act 1784 was finally abolished
Indian Council Act, 1861
The Executive Council was now to be called Central Legislative Council. The Governor General was conferred power to promulgate ordinance.
Indian Council Act, 1892
Indians found their way in the Provincial Legislative Councils. Element of Election was introduced.
Indian Council Act, 1909 or Minto-Morley Reforms: Itenvisaged a separate electorate for Muslims.
Government of India Act, 1935
Provided for the establishment of All-India Federation consisting of British Provinces Princely States. The joining of Princely States was voluntary and as a result the federation did not come into existence as the minimum number of princes required to join the federation did not give their assent to join the federation. Dyarchy was introduced at the Centre (e.g. Department of Foreign Affairs and Defence were reserved for theGovernor General). Provincial autonomy replaced Dyarchy in
provinces. They were granted separate legal identity. Burma (now Myanmar) separated from India.
2. Part IIArticles 5-11 Citizenship
3. Part IIIArticles 12-35 Fundamental Rights
4. Part IVArticles 36-51 Directive Principles of State PolicyPart IV AArticle 51-A Duties of a citizen of India. It was added by the 42ndAmendment in 1976
5. Part VArticles 52-151 Government at the Union level
6. Part VIArticles 152-237 Government at the State level
7. Part VIIArticle 238 Deals with states in Part B of the First Schedule. It was repealed by 7th Amendment in 1956
8.Part VIIIArticles 239-241 Administration of Union Territories
9. Part IXArticle 242-243 Territories in Part D of the First Schedule and other territories. It was repealed by 7th Amendment in 1956
10. Part XArticles 244-244 A Scheduled and tribal areas
11. Part XIArticles 245-263 Relations between the Union and States
12. Part XIIArticles 264-300 Finance,, property,, contracts and suits
13. Part XIIIArticles 301-307 Trade,, commerce and travel within the territory of India
14. Part XIVArticles308-323 Services under the Union and States Part XIV-A Articles 323A-323B Added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 and deals with administrative tribunals to hear disputes and other complaints
15. Part XVArticles 324-329 Election and Election Commission
16.Part XVIArticles 330-342 Special provision to certain classes ST/SC and Anglo Indians
17. Part XVIIArticles 343-351 Official languages
18. Part XVIIIArticles 352-360 Emergency provisions
19. Part XIXArticles 361-367 Miscellaneous provision regardingexemption of the President and governors from criminal proceedings
20. Part XXArticle 368 Amendment of Constitution
21. Part XXIArticles 369-392 Temporary,, transitional and special provisions
22. Part XXIIArticles 393-395 Short title, commencementand repeal of the Constitution
The Regulating Act, 1773
First attempt by the British Parliament to regulate the affairs of the Company.
End of Dual Government.
Provided for centralization of Administration of Company‘s territories in India. Governor of Bengal became Governor-general for all British territories in India.
Governor General and council of 4 members appointed for Bengal.
Bombay and Madras Presidency subordinated to Bengal presidency.
Supreme court to be set up at Calcutta. The Pitts India Act, 1784
This Act gave the British government the supreme control over Company‘s affairs and its administration in India.
Established dual system of governance. Court of directors consisting of 24 members was appointed to look after commercial functions.
The Charter Act of 1793
Company given monopoly of trade for 20 more years.
Expenses andsalaries of the Board of Control to be charged on Indian Revenue.
Governor-General could override his Council.
The Charter Act of 1813
Company deprived of its trade monopoly in India except in tea and trade with China.
All Englishmen could trade with India subject to few restrictions.
Rules and procedures made for use of Indian revenue.
A sum of Rs 1 lakh earmarked annually for education.
The Charter Act of 1833
End of company‘s trade monopoly even in tea and with China.
Company was asked to close its business at the earliest.
Governor-General of Bengal to be GovernorGeneral of India. (1st Governor-General of India-Lord William Bentinck).
Govt. of Madras and Bombay deprived of legislative powers.
A fourth member, law member added to council of Governor-General. Government Service was thrown open to the people of India. All laws made by Governor General-in-council henceforth to be known as Acts and not regulations.
The Charter Act of 1853
Extended life of the Company for an unspecified period.
First time separate legislative machinery consisting of 12 member legislative council was created.
Law member was made a full member of the Executive Council of the Governor-General
Recruitment to Civil Services was based on open annual competitiveexamination. (excluding Indians)
The Govt of India Act, 1858
Rule of Company in India ended and that of the Crown began.
System of double Government ended. Court of Directors and Board of Control abolished.
Secretary of State (a member of the British Cabinet) for India was created. He was assisted by a 15-member council (Indian Council). He was to exercise the powers of the Crown.
Polity
ConstitutionalReformsinBritishIndia Regulating Act, 1773End of Dual govt. Governor of Bengal to be theGovernor– General of British territories of India. Establishment of Supreme Court in Calcutta. Court of directors to be elected for 4 years Number of Directors fixed at 24, 1/4th retiring every year. In Bengal, collegiate govt was created with Governor General and 4 members of the council and were named in the act:-GG-> Warren Hastings and 4 members-> Philip Francis, Clavering, Monson, and Barwell.
Amending Act of 1781
Actions of public servants of the Company in their official capacity were exempted from the jurisdiction of Supreme Court. Jurisdiction of Supreme Court was defined. SC had to take into consideration and respect the religious and social customs and usages of the Indian while enforcing its decrees and processes. The rules and regulations made by GG-inCouncil were not to be registered with SC.
Pitts Act of 1784
Introduced Dual System of Govt by the company and by a Parliamentary board of directors. gave the British Government a measure of control over the company‘s affairs company became a subordinate department of the State. Reduced the number of members of Executive Council of the GG to three.
Act of 1786
Governor General given the power to override the Council and was made the Commander-in-chief also to prevail upon Cornawalis to accept the GG-ship of India
Charter Act of 1793
Company given monopoly of trade for 20 more years. laid the foundation of govt. by written laws, interpreted by courts.
Charter Act of 1813
Company deprived of its trade monopoly in India except in tea and trade with China. An amount of one lakh rupees was set aside for the promotion of Education in India. Charter Act of 1833: End of Company‘s monopoly even in tea and trade with China. Company was asked to close its business at the earliest. Governor General of Bengal to be Governor General of India (1st Governor General of India was Lord William Bentinck).
Charter Act of 1853
The Act renewed the powers of the Company and allowed it to retain the possession of Indian territoriesin trust of the British crown. Recruitment to Civil Services was based on open annual competition examination (excluding Indians).
Government of India Act, 1858
Rule of Company in India ended and that of the Crown began. A post of Secretary of State(a member of the British cabinet) for India created. He was to exercise the powers of the Crown. Secretary of State governed India through the Governor General. Governor General received the title of Viceroy. He represented Secretary of State and was assisted by an Executive Council, which consisted of high officials of the Govt. The system of double govt introduced by Pitt‘s Act 1784 was finally abolished
Indian Council Act, 1861
The Executive Council was now to be called Central Legislative Council. The Governor General was conferred power to promulgate ordinance.
Indian Council Act, 1892
Indians found their way in the Provincial Legislative Councils. Element of Election was introduced.
Indian Council Act, 1909 or Minto-Morley Reforms: Itenvisaged a separate electorate for Muslims.
Government of India Act, 1935
Provided for the establishment of All-India Federation consisting of British Provinces Princely States. The joining of Princely States was voluntary and as a result the federation did not come into existence as the minimum number of princes required to join the federation did not give their assent to join the federation. Dyarchy was introduced at the Centre (e.g. Department of Foreign Affairs and Defence were reserved for theGovernor General). Provincial autonomy replaced Dyarchy in
provinces. They were granted separate legal identity. Burma (now Myanmar) separated from India.
PARTS OF INDIAN CONSTITUTION
1. Part IArticles 1-4 Territory of India,, admission,, establishment or formation of new states2. Part IIArticles 5-11 Citizenship
3. Part IIIArticles 12-35 Fundamental Rights
4. Part IVArticles 36-51 Directive Principles of State PolicyPart IV AArticle 51-A Duties of a citizen of India. It was added by the 42ndAmendment in 1976
5. Part VArticles 52-151 Government at the Union level
6. Part VIArticles 152-237 Government at the State level
7. Part VIIArticle 238 Deals with states in Part B of the First Schedule. It was repealed by 7th Amendment in 1956
8.Part VIIIArticles 239-241 Administration of Union Territories
9. Part IXArticle 242-243 Territories in Part D of the First Schedule and other territories. It was repealed by 7th Amendment in 1956
10. Part XArticles 244-244 A Scheduled and tribal areas
11. Part XIArticles 245-263 Relations between the Union and States
12. Part XIIArticles 264-300 Finance,, property,, contracts and suits
13. Part XIIIArticles 301-307 Trade,, commerce and travel within the territory of India
14. Part XIVArticles308-323 Services under the Union and States Part XIV-A Articles 323A-323B Added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 and deals with administrative tribunals to hear disputes and other complaints
15. Part XVArticles 324-329 Election and Election Commission
16.Part XVIArticles 330-342 Special provision to certain classes ST/SC and Anglo Indians
17. Part XVIIArticles 343-351 Official languages
18. Part XVIIIArticles 352-360 Emergency provisions
19. Part XIXArticles 361-367 Miscellaneous provision regardingexemption of the President and governors from criminal proceedings
20. Part XXArticle 368 Amendment of Constitution
21. Part XXIArticles 369-392 Temporary,, transitional and special provisions
22. Part XXIIArticles 393-395 Short title, commencementand repeal of the Constitution
